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<section id="module-xml">
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<span id="xml-processing-modules"></span><span id="xml"></span><h1>XML Processing Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#module-xml" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.15/Lib/xml/">Lib/xml/</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>Python’s interfaces for processing XML are grouped in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml</span></code> package.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>If you need to parse untrusted or unauthenticated data, see
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<a class="reference internal" href="#xml-security"><span class="std std-ref">XML security</span></a>.</p>
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</div>
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<p>It is important to note that modules in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml</span></code> package require that
|
||
there be at least one SAX-compliant XML parser available. The Expat parser is
|
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included with Python, so the <a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code></a> module will always be
|
||
available.</p>
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||
<p>The documentation for the <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code></a> packages are the
|
||
definition of the Python bindings for the DOM and SAX interfaces.</p>
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||
<p>The XML handling submodules are:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
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||
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code></a>: the ElementTree API, a simple and lightweight
|
||
XML processor</p></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code></a>: the DOM API definition</p></li>
|
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code></a>: a minimal DOM implementation</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html#module-xml.dom.pulldom" title="xml.dom.pulldom: Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code></a>: support for building partial DOM trees</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code></a>: SAX2 base classes and convenience functions</p></li>
|
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code></a>: the Expat parser binding</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>This module also defines utility functions.</p>
|
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<dl class="py function">
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<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.is_valid_name">
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<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">xml.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_valid_name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.is_valid_name" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the string is a valid element or attribute name,
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
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<p>Almost all characters are permitted in names, except control characters and
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those which either are or reasonably could be used as delimiters.
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||
Characters like “:”, “-”, “.”, “_”, and “·” are permitted, but “<”, “/”,
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“!”, “?”, and “=” are forbidden.
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The name cannot start with a digit or a character like “-”, “.”, and “·”.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
|
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|
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<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.is_valid_text">
|
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<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">xml.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_valid_text</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.is_valid_text" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
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<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the string is a sequence of legal XML 1.0 characters,
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
|
||
<p>Almost all characters are permitted in XML 1.0 documents, except C0 control
|
||
characters (excluding TAB, CR and LF), surrogate characters and special
|
||
Unicode characters U+FFFE and U+FFFF.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
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</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<section id="xml-vulnerabilities">
|
||
<span id="xml-security"></span><span id="id1"></span><h2>XML security<a class="headerlink" href="#xml-vulnerabilities" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>An attacker can abuse XML features to carry out denial of service attacks,
|
||
access local files, generate network connections to other machines, or
|
||
circumvent firewalls when attacker-controlled XML is being parsed,
|
||
in Python or elsewhere.</p>
|
||
<p>The built-in XML parsers of Python rely on the library <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat">libexpat</a>, commonly
|
||
called Expat, for parsing XML.</p>
|
||
<p>By default, Expat itself does not access local files or create network
|
||
connections.</p>
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||
<p>Expat versions lower than 2.7.2 may be vulnerable to the “billion laughs”,
|
||
“quadratic blowup” and “large tokens” vulnerabilities, or to disproportional
|
||
use of dynamic memory.
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||
Python bundles a copy of Expat, and whether Python uses the bundled or a
|
||
system-wide Expat, depends on how the Python interpreter
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../using/configure.html#cmdoption-with-system-expat"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">has</span> <span class="pre">been</span> <span class="pre">configured</span></code></a> in your environment.
|
||
Python may be vulnerable if it uses such older versions of Expat.
|
||
Check <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyexpat.EXPAT_VERSION</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html#module-xmlrpc" title="xmlrpc: Server and client modules implementing XML-RPC."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code></a> is <strong>vulnerable</strong> to the “decompression bomb” attack.</p>
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||
<dl class="simple">
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||
<dt>billion laughs / exponential entity expansion</dt><dd><p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs">Billion Laughs</a> attack – also known as exponential entity expansion –
|
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uses multiple levels of nested entities. Each entity refers to another entity
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||
several times, and the final entity definition contains a small string.
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||
The exponential expansion results in several gigabytes of text and
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||
consumes lots of memory and CPU time.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>quadratic blowup entity expansion</dt><dd><p>A quadratic blowup attack is similar to a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs">Billion Laughs</a> attack; it abuses
|
||
entity expansion, too. Instead of nested entities it repeats one large entity
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||
with a couple of thousand chars over and over again. The attack isn’t as
|
||
efficient as the exponential case but it avoids triggering parser countermeasures
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||
that forbid deeply nested entities.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
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<dt>decompression bomb</dt><dd><p>Decompression bombs (aka <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb">ZIP bomb</a>) apply to all XML libraries
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that can parse compressed XML streams such as gzipped HTTP streams or
|
||
LZMA-compressed
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||
files. For an attacker it can reduce the amount of transmitted data by three
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magnitudes or more.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>large tokens</dt><dd><p>Expat needs to re-parse unfinished tokens; without the protection
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introduced in Expat 2.6.0, this can lead to quadratic runtime that can
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be used to cause denial of service in the application parsing XML.
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The issue is known as <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="cve reference external" href="https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-52425"><strong>CVE 2023-52425</strong></a>.</p>
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||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</section>
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||
</section>
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