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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing</span></code> — Deterministic profiler</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-deterministic-profiling">What is deterministic profiling?</a></li>
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<section id="module-profiling.tracing">
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<span id="profiling-tracing-deterministic-profiler"></span><span id="profiling-tracing"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing</span></code> — Deterministic profiler<a class="headerlink" href="#module-profiling.tracing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.15/Lib/profiling/tracing/">Lib/profiling/tracing/</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing</span></code> module provides deterministic profiling of Python
|
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programs. It monitors every function call, function return, and exception event,
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recording precise timing for each. This approach provides exact call counts and
|
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complete visibility into program execution, making it ideal for development and
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testing scenarios.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>This module is also available as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code> for backward compatibility.
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The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code> name will continue to work in all future Python versions.
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Use whichever import style suits your codebase:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Preferred (new style)</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">profiling.tracing</span>
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<span class="n">profiling</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_function()'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="c1"># Also works (backward compatible)</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">cProfile</span>
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<span class="n">cProfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_function()'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<section id="what-is-deterministic-profiling">
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<h2>What is deterministic profiling?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-deterministic-profiling" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p><em class="dfn">Deterministic profiling</em> captures every function call, function return,
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and exception event during program execution. The profiler measures the precise
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time intervals between these events, providing exact statistics about how the
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program behaves.</p>
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<p>In contrast to <a class="reference internal" href="profiling.sampling.html#profiling-sampling"><span class="std std-ref">statistical profiling</span></a>, which samples
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the call stack periodically to estimate where time is spent, deterministic
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profiling records every event. This means you get exact call counts rather than
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statistical approximations. The trade-off is that instrumenting every event
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introduces overhead that can slow down program execution.</p>
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<p>Python’s interpreted nature makes deterministic profiling practical. The
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interpreter already dispatches events for function calls and returns, so the
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profiler can hook into this mechanism without requiring code modification. The
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overhead tends to be moderate relative to the inherent cost of interpretation,
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making deterministic profiling suitable for most development workflows.</p>
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<p>Deterministic profiling helps answer questions like:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>How many times was this function called?</p></li>
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<li><p>What is the complete call graph of my program?</p></li>
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<li><p>Which functions are called by a particular function?</p></li>
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<li><p>Are there unexpected function calls happening?</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Call count statistics can identify bugs (surprising counts) and inline
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expansion opportunities (high call counts). Internal time statistics reveal
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“hot loops” that warrant optimization. Cumulative time statistics help identify
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algorithmic inefficiencies. The handling of cumulative times in this profiler
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allows direct comparison of recursive and iterative implementations.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="command-line-interface">
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<span id="profiling-tracing-cli"></span><h2>Command-line interface<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-interface" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing</span></code> module can be invoked as a script to profile
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another script or module:</p>
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<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">python -m profiling.tracing [-o output_file] [-s sort_order] (-m module | script.py)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>This runs the specified script or module under the profiler and prints the
|
||
results to standard output (or saves them to a file).</p>
|
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<dl class="std option">
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<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-profiling.tracing-o">
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<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-o</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre"><output_file></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-profiling.tracing-o" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Write the profile results to a file instead of standard output. The output
|
||
file can be read by the <a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#module-pstats" title="pstats: Statistics object for analyzing profiler output."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats</span></code></a> module for later analysis.</p>
|
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="std option">
|
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<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-profiling.tracing-s">
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<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-s</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre"><sort_order></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-profiling.tracing-s" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Sort the output by the specified key. This accepts any of the sort keys
|
||
recognized by <a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#pstats.Stats.sort_stats" title="pstats.Stats.sort_stats"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats.Stats.sort_stats()</span></code></a>, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cumulative</span></code>,
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calls</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code>. This option only applies when
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-profiling.tracing-o"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code></a> is not specified.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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|
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<dl class="std option">
|
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<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-profiling.tracing-m">
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<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-m</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre"><module></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-profiling.tracing-m" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
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<dd><p>Profile a module instead of a script. The module is located using the
|
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standard import mechanism.</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.7: </span>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code> option for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="versionadded">
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||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.8: </span>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code> option for <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-profile" title="profile: Pure Python profiler (deprecated). (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code></a>.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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</section>
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<section id="programmatic-usage-examples">
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<h2>Programmatic usage examples<a class="headerlink" href="#programmatic-usage-examples" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>For more control over profiling, use the module’s functions and classes
|
||
directly.</p>
|
||
<section id="basic-profiling">
|
||
<h3>Basic profiling<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-profiling" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The simplest approach uses the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run()</span></code> function:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">profiling.tracing</span>
|
||
<span class="n">profiling</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_function()'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>This profiles the given code string and prints a summary to standard output.
|
||
To save results for later analysis:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">profiling</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my_function()'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'output.prof'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="using-the-profile-class">
|
||
<h3>Using the <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Profile</span></code> class<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-profile-class" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Profile</span></code> class provides fine-grained control:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">profiling.tracing</span>
|
||
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">pstats</span>
|
||
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">io</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">pr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">profiling</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Profile</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="n">pr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># ... code to profile ...</span>
|
||
<span class="n">pr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disable</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="c1"># Print results</span>
|
||
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="n">ps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pstats</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stream</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pstats</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SortKey</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CUMULATIVE</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_stats</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Profile</span></code> class also works as a context manager:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">profiling.tracing</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">profiling</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Profile</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">pr</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># ... code to profile ...</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">pr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_stats</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="module-reference">
|
||
<h2>Module reference<a class="headerlink" href="#module-reference" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.run">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">run</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">command</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sort</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.run" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Profile execution of a command and print or save the results.</p>
|
||
<p>This function executes the <em>command</em> string using <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> in the
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> module’s namespace:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__main__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__main__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>If <em>filename</em> is not provided, the function creates a <a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#pstats.Stats" title="pstats.Stats"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats.Stats</span></code></a>
|
||
instance and prints a summary to standard output. If <em>filename</em> is
|
||
provided, the raw profile data is saved to that file for later analysis
|
||
with <a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#module-pstats" title="pstats: Statistics object for analyzing profiler output."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The <em>sort</em> argument specifies the sort order for printed output, accepting
|
||
any value recognized by <a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#pstats.Stats.sort_stats" title="pstats.Stats.sort_stats"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats.Stats.sort_stats()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.runctx">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runctx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">command</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sort</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.runctx" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Profile execution of a command with explicit namespaces.</p>
|
||
<p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#profiling.tracing.run" title="profiling.tracing.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run()</span></code></a>, but executes the command with the specified <em>globals</em>
|
||
and <em>locals</em> mappings instead of using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> module’s namespace:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Profile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">timer</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">timeunit</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0.0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">subcalls</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">builtins</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>A profiler object that collects execution statistics.</p>
|
||
<p>The optional <em>timer</em> argument specifies a custom timing function. If not
|
||
provided, the profiler uses a platform-appropriate default timer. When
|
||
supplying a custom timer, it must return a single number representing the
|
||
current time. If the timer returns integers, use <em>timeunit</em> to specify the
|
||
duration of one time unit (for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0.001</span></code> for milliseconds).</p>
|
||
<p>The <em>subcalls</em> argument controls whether the profiler tracks call
|
||
relationships between functions. The <em>builtins</em> argument controls whether
|
||
built-in functions are profiled.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Added context manager support.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.enable">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">enable</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.enable" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Start collecting profiling data.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.disable">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">disable</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.disable" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Stop collecting profiling data.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.create_stats">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">create_stats</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.create_stats" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Stop collecting data and record the results internally as the current
|
||
profile.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.print_stats">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">print_stats</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sort</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.print_stats" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Create a <a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#pstats.Stats" title="pstats.Stats"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats.Stats</span></code></a> object from the current profile and print
|
||
the results to standard output.</p>
|
||
<p>The <em>sort</em> argument specifies the sorting order. It accepts a single
|
||
key or a tuple of keys for multi-level sorting, using the same values
|
||
as <a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#pstats.Stats.sort_stats" title="pstats.Stats.sort_stats"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats.Stats.sort_stats()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.13: </span>Support for a tuple of sort keys.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.dump_stats">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dump_stats</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.dump_stats" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Write the current profile data to <em>filename</em>. The file can be read by
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="pstats.html#pstats.Stats" title="pstats.Stats"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pstats.Stats</span></code></a> for later analysis.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.run">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">run</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cmd</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.run" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Profile the command string via <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.runctx">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runctx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cmd</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.runctx" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Profile the command string via <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> with the specified
|
||
namespaces.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="profiling.tracing.Profile.runcall">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runcall</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile.runcall" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Profile a function call. Returns whatever <em>func</em> returns:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runcall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keyword</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>Profiling requires that the profiled code returns normally. If the
|
||
interpreter terminates (for example, via <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></code></a>) during
|
||
profiling, no results will be available.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="using-a-custom-timer">
|
||
<h2>Using a custom timer<a class="headerlink" href="#using-a-custom-timer" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#profiling.tracing.Profile" title="profiling.tracing.Profile"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Profile</span></code></a> class accepts a custom timing function, allowing you to
|
||
measure different aspects of execution such as wall-clock time or CPU time.
|
||
Pass the timing function to the constructor:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">profiling</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Profile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_timer_function</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The timer function must return a single number representing the current time.
|
||
If it returns integers, also specify <em>timeunit</em> to indicate the duration of
|
||
one unit:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Timer returns time in milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="n">pr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">profiling</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Profile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_ms_timer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.001</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>For best performance, the timer function should be as fast as possible. The
|
||
profiler calls it frequently, so timer overhead directly affects profiling
|
||
overhead.</p>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module provides several functions suitable for use as custom
|
||
timers:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.perf_counter" title="time.perf_counter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.perf_counter()</span></code></a> for high-resolution wall-clock time</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.process_time" title="time.process_time"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.process_time()</span></code></a> for CPU time (excluding sleep)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.monotonic" title="time.monotonic"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.monotonic()</span></code></a> for monotonic clock time</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="limitations">
|
||
<h2>Limitations<a class="headerlink" href="#limitations" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Deterministic profiling has inherent limitations related to timing accuracy.</p>
|
||
<p>The underlying timer typically has a resolution of about one millisecond.
|
||
Measurements cannot be more accurate than this resolution. With enough
|
||
measurements, timing errors tend to average out, but individual measurements
|
||
may be imprecise.</p>
|
||
<p>There is also latency between when an event occurs and when the profiler
|
||
captures the timestamp. Similarly, there is latency after reading the
|
||
timestamp before user code resumes. Functions called frequently accumulate
|
||
this latency, which can make them appear slower than they actually are. This
|
||
error is typically less than one clock tick per call but can become
|
||
significant for functions called many times.</p>
|
||
<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling.tracing</span></code> module (and its <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code> alias) is
|
||
implemented as a C extension with low overhead, so these timing issues are
|
||
less pronounced than with the deprecated pure Python <a class="reference internal" href="profile.html#module-profile" title="profile: Pure Python profiler (deprecated). (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code></a> module.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html#module-profiling" title="profiling: Python profiling tools for performance analysis."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profiling</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Overview of Python profiling tools and guidance on choosing a profiler.</p>
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