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<section id="module-binascii">
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<span id="binascii-convert-between-binary-and-ascii"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII<a class="headerlink" href="#module-binascii" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
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<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> module contains a number of methods to convert between
|
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binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. Normally, you will not
|
||
use these functions directly but use wrapper modules like
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code></a> instead. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> module contains
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low-level functions written in C for greater speed that are used by the
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higher-level modules.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a2b_*</span></code> functions accept Unicode strings containing only ASCII characters.
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||
Other functions only accept <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like objects</span></a> (such as
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> and other objects that support the buffer
|
||
protocol).</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>ASCII-only unicode strings are now accepted by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a2b_*</span></code> functions.</p>
|
||
</div>
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</div>
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<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> module defines the following functions:</p>
|
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<dl class="py function">
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<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_uu">
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<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_uu</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_uu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Convert a single line of uuencoded data back to binary and return the binary
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data. Lines normally contain 45 (binary) bytes, except for the last line. Line
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data may be followed by whitespace.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="py function">
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<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_uu">
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<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_uu</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">backtick</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_uu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters, the return value is the
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||
converted line, including a newline char. The length of <em>data</em> should be at most
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45. If <em>backtick</em> is true, zeros are represented by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'`'</span></code> instead of spaces.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Added the <em>backtick</em> parameter.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="py function">
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<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_base64">
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<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">padded</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">alphabet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">BASE64_ALPHABET</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">strict_mode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canonical</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_base64" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">padded</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">alphabet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">BASE64_ALPHABET</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">strict_mode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canonical</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert a block of base64 data back to binary and return the binary data. More
|
||
than one line may be passed at a time.</p>
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||
<p>Optional <em>alphabet</em> must be a <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> object of length 64 which
|
||
specifies an alternative alphabet.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>padded</em> is true, the last group of 4 base 64 alphabet characters must
|
||
be padded with the ‘=’ character.
|
||
If <em>padded</em> is false, padding is neither required nor recognized:
|
||
the ‘=’ character is not treated as padding but as a non-alphabet
|
||
character, which means it is silently discarded when <em>strict_mode</em> is false,
|
||
or causes an <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Error</span></code></a> when <em>strict_mode</em> is true unless
|
||
b’=’ is included in <em>ignorechars</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>ignorechars</em> is specified, it should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a>
|
||
containing characters to ignore from the input when <em>strict_mode</em> is true.
|
||
If <em>ignorechars</em> contains the pad character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code>, the pad characters
|
||
presented before the end of the encoded data and the excess pad characters
|
||
will be ignored.
|
||
The default value of <em>strict_mode</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>ignorechars</em> is specified,
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>strict_mode</em> is true, only valid base64 data will be converted. Invalid base64
|
||
data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Valid base64:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>Conforms to <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Contains only characters from the base64 alphabet.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Contains no excess data after padding (including excess padding, newlines, etc.).</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Does not start with a padding.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>If <em>canonical</em> is true, non-zero padding bits in the last group are rejected
|
||
with <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>, enforcing canonical encoding as defined in
|
||
<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a> section 3.5. This check is independent of <em>strict_mode</em>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>strict_mode</em> parameter.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.15: </span>Added the <em>alphabet</em>, <em>canonical</em>, <em>ignorechars</em>, and <em>padded</em> parameters.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_base64">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">padded</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">alphabet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">BASE64_ALPHABET</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">wrapcol</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">newline</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_base64" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line(s) of ASCII characters in base64 coding,
|
||
as specified in <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>padded</em> is true (default), pad the encoded data with the ‘=’
|
||
character to a size multiple of 4.
|
||
If <em>padded</em> is false, do not add the pad characters.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>wrapcol</em> is non-zero, insert a newline (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\n'</span></code>) character
|
||
after at most every <em>wrapcol</em> characters.
|
||
If <em>wrapcol</em> is zero (default), do not insert any newlines.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>newline</em> is true (default), a newline character will be added
|
||
at the end of the output.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added the <em>newline</em> parameter.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.15: </span>Added the <em>alphabet</em>, <em>padded</em> and <em>wrapcol</em> parameters.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_ascii85">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_ascii85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">foldspaces</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adobe</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">b''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canonical</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_ascii85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert Ascii85 data back to binary and return the binary data.</p>
|
||
<p>Valid Ascii85 data contains characters from the Ascii85 alphabet in groups
|
||
of five (except for the final group, which may have from two to five
|
||
characters). Each group encodes 32 bits of binary data in the range from
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">32</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>, inclusive. The special character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span></code> is
|
||
accepted as a short form of the group <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!!!!!</span></code>, which encodes four
|
||
consecutive null bytes. A single-character final group is always rejected
|
||
as an encoding violation.</p>
|
||
<p><em>foldspaces</em> is a flag that specifies whether the ‘y’ short sequence
|
||
should be accepted as shorthand for 4 consecutive spaces (ASCII 0x20).
|
||
This feature is not supported by the “standard” Ascii85 encoding.</p>
|
||
<p><em>adobe</em> controls whether the encoded byte sequence is framed with
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><~</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~></span></code>, as in a PostScript base-85 string literal. If
|
||
<em>adobe</em> is true, a leading <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><~</span></code> is optionally accepted, while a
|
||
trailing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~></span></code> is <em>required</em>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a> is raised
|
||
if it is not found.</p>
|
||
<p><em>ignorechars</em> should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> containing characters
|
||
to ignore from the input.
|
||
This should only contain whitespace characters.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>canonical</em> is true, non-canonical encodings are rejected with
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>. Here “canonical” means the encoding that
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.b2a_ascii85" title="binascii.b2a_ascii85"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b2a_ascii85()</span></code></a> would produce: the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span></code> abbreviation must be used
|
||
for all-zero groups (rather than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!!!!!</span></code>), and partial final groups
|
||
must use the same padding digits as the encoder.</p>
|
||
<p>Invalid Ascii85 data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_ascii85">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_ascii85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">foldspaces</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">wrapcol</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pad</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adobe</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_ascii85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a formatted sequence of ASCII characters in Ascii85
|
||
coding. The return value is the converted data.</p>
|
||
<p><em>foldspaces</em> is an optional flag that uses the special short sequence ‘y’
|
||
instead of 4 consecutive spaces (ASCII 0x20) as supported by ‘btoa’. This
|
||
feature is not supported by the “standard” Ascii85 encoding.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>wrapcol</em> is non-zero, insert a newline (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\n'</span></code>) character
|
||
after at most every <em>wrapcol</em> characters.
|
||
If <em>wrapcol</em> is zero (default), do not insert any newlines.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>pad</em> is true, the zero-padding applied to the end of the input
|
||
is fully retained in the output encoding, as done by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">btoa</span></code>,
|
||
producing an exact multiple of 5 bytes of output. This is not part
|
||
of the standard encoding used in PDF, as it does not preserve the
|
||
length of the data.</p>
|
||
<p><em>adobe</em> controls whether the encoded byte sequence is framed with
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><~</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~></span></code>, as in a PostScript base-85 string literal. Note
|
||
that while ASCII85Decode streams in PDF documents <em>must</em> be
|
||
terminated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~></span></code>, they <em>must not</em> use a leading <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><~</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_base85">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">alphabet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">BASE85_ALPHABET</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">b''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canonical</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_base85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert Base85 data back to binary and return the binary data.
|
||
More than one line may be passed at a time.</p>
|
||
<p>Valid Base85 data contains characters from the Base85 alphabet in groups
|
||
of five (except for the final group, which may have from two to five
|
||
characters). Each group encodes 32 bits of binary data in the range from
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">32</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>, inclusive. A single-character final group is
|
||
always rejected as an encoding violation.</p>
|
||
<p>Optional <em>alphabet</em> must be a <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> object of length 85 which
|
||
specifies an alternative alphabet.</p>
|
||
<p><em>ignorechars</em> should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> containing characters
|
||
to ignore from the input.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>canonical</em> is true, non-canonical encodings are rejected with
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>. Here “canonical” means the encoding that
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.b2a_base85" title="binascii.b2a_base85"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b2a_base85()</span></code></a> would produce: partial final groups must use the
|
||
same padding digits as the encoder.</p>
|
||
<p>Invalid Base85 data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_base85">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_base85</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">alphabet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">BASE85_ALPHABET</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">wrapcol</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pad</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_base85" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters in Base85 coding.
|
||
The return value is the converted line.</p>
|
||
<p>Optional <em>alphabet</em> must be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> of length 85 which
|
||
specifies an alternative alphabet.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>wrapcol</em> is non-zero, insert a newline (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\n'</span></code>) character
|
||
after at most every <em>wrapcol</em> characters.
|
||
If <em>wrapcol</em> is zero (default), do not insert any newlines.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>pad</em> is true, the zero-padding applied to the end of the input
|
||
is retained in the output, which will always be a multiple of 5
|
||
bytes, and thus the length of the data may not be preserved on
|
||
decoding.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_base32">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base32</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">padded</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">alphabet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">BASE32_ALPHABET</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">b''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canonical</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_base32" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert base32 data back to binary and return the binary data.</p>
|
||
<p>Valid base32 data contains characters from the base32 alphabet specified
|
||
in <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a> in groups of eight (if necessary, the final group is padded
|
||
to eight characters with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">=</span></code>). Each group encodes 40 bits of binary data
|
||
in the range from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">40</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>, inclusive.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>This function does not map lowercase characters (which are invalid in
|
||
standard base32) to their uppercase counterparts, nor does it
|
||
contextually map <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">O</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">I</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">L</span></code> as <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>
|
||
allows.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Optional <em>alphabet</em> must be a <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> object of length 32 which
|
||
specifies an alternative alphabet.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>padded</em> is true, the last group of 8 base 32 alphabet characters must
|
||
be padded with the ‘=’ character.
|
||
If <em>padded</em> is false, the ‘=’ character is treated as other non-alphabet
|
||
characters (depending on the value of <em>ignorechars</em>).</p>
|
||
<p><em>ignorechars</em> should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> containing characters
|
||
to ignore from the input.
|
||
If <em>ignorechars</em> contains the pad character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code>, the pad characters
|
||
presented before the end of the encoded data and the excess pad characters
|
||
will be ignored.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>canonical</em> is true, non-zero padding bits in the last group are rejected
|
||
with <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>, enforcing canonical encoding as defined in
|
||
<span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a> section 3.5.</p>
|
||
<p>Invalid base32 data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_base32">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_base32</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">padded</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">alphabet</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">BASE32_ALPHABET</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">wrapcol</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_base32" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters in base32 coding,
|
||
as specified in <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>. The return value is the converted line.</p>
|
||
<p>Optional <em>alphabet</em> must be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> of length 32 which
|
||
specifies an alternative alphabet.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>padded</em> is true (default), pad the encoded data with the ‘=’
|
||
character to a size multiple of 8.
|
||
If <em>padded</em> is false, do not add the pad characters.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>wrapcol</em> is non-zero, insert a newline (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\n'</span></code>) character
|
||
after at most every <em>wrapcol</em> characters.
|
||
If <em>wrapcol</em> is zero (default), do not insert any newlines.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_qp">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_qp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">header</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_qp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert a block of quoted-printable data back to binary and return the binary
|
||
data. More than one line may be passed at a time. If the optional argument
|
||
<em>header</em> is present and true, underscores will be decoded as spaces.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_qp">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_qp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">quotetabs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">istext</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">header</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_qp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line(s) of ASCII characters in quoted-printable
|
||
encoding. The return value is the converted line(s). If the optional argument
|
||
<em>quotetabs</em> is present and true, all tabs and spaces will be encoded. If the
|
||
optional argument <em>istext</em> is present and true, newlines are not encoded but
|
||
trailing whitespace will be encoded. If the optional argument <em>header</em> is
|
||
present and true, spaces will be encoded as underscores per <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1522.html"><strong>RFC 1522</strong></a>. If the
|
||
optional argument <em>header</em> is present and false, newline characters will be
|
||
encoded as well; otherwise linefeed conversion might corrupt the binary data
|
||
stream.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc_hqx">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">crc_hqx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc_hqx" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Compute a 16-bit CRC value of <em>data</em>, starting with <em>value</em> as the
|
||
initial CRC, and return the result. This uses the CRC-CCITT polynomial
|
||
<em>x</em><sup>16</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>12</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>5</sup> + 1, often represented as
|
||
0x1021. This CRC is used in the binhex4 format.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc32">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">crc32</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc32" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Compute CRC-32, the unsigned 32-bit checksum of <em>data</em>, starting with an
|
||
initial CRC of <em>value</em>. The default initial CRC is zero. The algorithm
|
||
is consistent with the ZIP file checksum. Since the algorithm is designed for
|
||
use as a checksum algorithm, it is not suitable for use as a general hash
|
||
algorithm. Use as follows:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"hello world"</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># Or, in two pieces:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">crc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"hello"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">crc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">" world"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crc</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'crc32 = </span><span class="si">{:#010x}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crc</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.0: </span>The result is always unsigned.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_hex">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_hex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sep</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes_per_sep=1</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.hexlify">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hexlify</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sep</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes_per_sep=1</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.hexlify" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the hexadecimal representation of the binary <em>data</em>. Every byte of
|
||
<em>data</em> is converted into the corresponding 2-digit hex representation. The
|
||
returned bytes object is therefore twice as long as the length of <em>data</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>Similar functionality (but returning a text string) is also conveniently
|
||
accessible using the <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/stdtypes.html#bytes.hex" title="bytes.hex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes.hex()</span></code></a> method.</p>
|
||
<p>If <em>sep</em> is specified, it must be a single character str or bytes object.
|
||
It will be inserted in the output after every <em>bytes_per_sep</em> input bytes.
|
||
Separator placement is counted from the right end of the output by default,
|
||
if you wish to count from the left, supply a negative <em>bytes_per_sep</em> value.</p>
|
||
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">binascii</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'b901ef'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexlify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'-'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'b9-01-ef'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'_'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'b9_01ef'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">' '</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'b901 ef'</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>The <em>sep</em> and <em>bytes_per_sep</em> parameters were added.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_hex">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_hex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">hexstr</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">b''</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_hex" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.unhexlify">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unhexlify</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">hexstr</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ignorechars</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">b''</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.unhexlify" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the binary data represented by the hexadecimal string <em>hexstr</em>. This
|
||
function is the inverse of <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="binascii.b2a_hex"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b2a_hex()</span></code></a>. <em>hexstr</em> must contain an even number
|
||
of hexadecimal digits (which can be upper or lower case), otherwise an
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Error</span></code></a> exception is raised.</p>
|
||
<p><em>ignorechars</em> should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> containing characters
|
||
to ignore from the input.</p>
|
||
<p>Similar functionality (but more liberal towards whitespace) is also accessible
|
||
using the <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/stdtypes.html#bytes.fromhex" title="bytes.fromhex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes.fromhex()</span></code></a> class method.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.15: </span>Added the <em>ignorechars</em> parameter.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py exception">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Error">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Error" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Exception raised on errors. These are usually programming errors.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py exception">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Incomplete">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Incomplete</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Incomplete" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Exception raised on incomplete data. These are usually not programming errors,
|
||
but may be handled by reading a little more data and trying again.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.BASE64_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BASE64_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.BASE64_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The Base 64 alphabet according to <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.URLSAFE_BASE64_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">URLSAFE_BASE64_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.URLSAFE_BASE64_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The “URL and filename safe” Base 64 alphabet according to <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.UU_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">UU_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.UU_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The uuencoding alphabet.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.CRYPT_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CRYPT_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.CRYPT_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The Base 64 alphabet used in the <em class="manpage"><a class="manpage reference external" href="https://manpages.debian.org/crypt(3)">crypt(3)</a></em> routine and in the GEDCOM format.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.BINHEX_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BINHEX_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.BINHEX_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The Base 64 alphabet used in BinHex 4 (HQX) within the classic Mac OS.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.BASE85_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BASE85_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.BASE85_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The Base85 alphabet.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.ASCII85_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ASCII85_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.ASCII85_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The Ascii85 alphabet.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Z85_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Z85_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Z85_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://rfc.zeromq.org/spec/32/">Z85</a> alphabet.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
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|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.BASE32_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BASE32_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.BASE32_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The Base 32 alphabet according to <span class="target" id="index-11"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
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|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.BASE32HEX_ALPHABET">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BASE32HEX_ALPHABET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.BASE32HEX_ALPHABET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The “Extended Hex” Base 32 alphabet according to <span class="target" id="index-12"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648.html"><strong>RFC 4648</strong></a>.
|
||
Data encoded with this alphabet maintains its sort order during bitwise
|
||
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|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.15.</span></p>
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|
||
and 85.</p>
|
||
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|
||
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html#module-quopri" title="quopri: Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Support for quoted-printable encoding used in MIME email messages.</p>
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