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<section id="module-atexit">
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<span id="atexit-exit-handlers"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers<a class="headerlink" href="#module-atexit" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> module defines functions to register and unregister
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||
<em class="dfn">exit handlers</em>: functions that are automatically executed
|
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“at exit”, that is, upon normal program termination (for instance,
|
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if <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></code></a> is called or the main module’s execution completes)
|
||
or, more generally, upon <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-interpreter-shutdown"><span class="xref std std-term">interpreter shutdown</span></a>.</p>
|
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<p>At exit, all registered exit handlers are called
|
||
in the <em>reverse</em> order in which they were registered.
|
||
If you register <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C</span></code>, at interpreter shutdown time they
|
||
will be run in the order <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span></code>.
|
||
The assumption is that lower level modules will normally be imported before
|
||
higher level modules and thus must be cleaned up later.</p>
|
||
<p>If an exception is raised during execution of an exit handler, a traceback is
|
||
printed (unless <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> is raised) and the exception information is
|
||
saved. After all exit handlers have had a chance to run, the last exception to
|
||
be raised is re-raised.</p>
|
||
<p>In programs that use multiple interpreters, each interpreter has its own stack
|
||
of exit handlers, which are executed when the interpreter shuts down
|
||
(for example, with <a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.interpreters.html#concurrent.interpreters.Interpreter.close" title="concurrent.interpreters.Interpreter.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.interpreters.Interpreter.close()</span></code></a> or the
|
||
C API <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/subinterpreters.html#c.Py_EndInterpreter" title="Py_EndInterpreter"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_EndInterpreter()</span></code></a>).
|
||
Registration functions in this module only affect the interpreter they are
|
||
called from.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Exit handlers are not called when the
|
||
program is killed by a signal not handled by Python, when a Python fatal
|
||
internal error is detected, or when <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os._exit" title="os._exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os._exit()</span></code></a> is called.</p>
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<p><strong>Note:</strong> The effect of registering or unregistering functions from within
|
||
a cleanup function is undefined.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition warning">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||
<p>When writing exit handlers, especially in C API extensions, keep in mind
|
||
that other exit handlers may still run arbitrary Python code after you
|
||
clean up.
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||
Such code should succeed or fail with an exception, rather than crash.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>Attempts to start a new thread or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fork" title="os.fork"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fork()</span></code></a> a new process
|
||
in an exit handler now leads to <a class="reference internal" href="../builtins/exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a>.
|
||
Previously, this could cause race conditions between the main Python
|
||
runtime thread freeing thread states while internal <a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#module-threading" title="threading: Thread-based parallelism."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code></a>
|
||
routines or the new process try to use that state, which could lead to
|
||
crashes rather than clean shutdown.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>When used with subinterpreters, registered functions
|
||
are local to the interpreter they were registered in.</p>
|
||
</div>
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<dl class="py function">
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<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="atexit.register">
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<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">atexit.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">register</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#atexit.register" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Register <em>func</em> as an exit handler.
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||
Any optional arguments that are to be passed to <em>func</em> must be passed as
|
||
arguments to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code>.
|
||
It is possible to register the same function and arguments more than once.</p>
|
||
<p>This function returns <em>func</em>, which makes it possible to use it as a
|
||
decorator.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
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<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="atexit.unregister">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">atexit.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unregister</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#atexit.unregister" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Remove <em>func</em> from the list of exit handlers.
|
||
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unregister()</span></code> silently does nothing if <em>func</em> was not previously
|
||
registered. If <em>func</em> has been registered more than once, every occurrence
|
||
of that function in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> call stack will be removed. Equality
|
||
comparisons (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code>) are used internally during unregistration, so function
|
||
references do not need to have matching identities.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Useful example of <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> to read and write <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> history
|
||
files.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section id="atexit-example">
|
||
<span id="id1"></span><h2><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> Example<a class="headerlink" href="#atexit-example" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The following simple example demonstrates how a module can initialize a counter
|
||
from a file when it is imported and save the counter’s updated value
|
||
automatically when the program terminates without relying on the application
|
||
making an explicit call into this module at termination.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'counterfile'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">infile</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">infile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">FileNotFoundError</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">incrcounter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">_count</span>
|
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<span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">n</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">savecounter</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'counterfile'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">outfile</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">outfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">_count</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">atexit</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">savecounter</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Positional and keyword arguments may also be passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#atexit.register" title="atexit.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a> to be
|
||
passed along to the registered function when it is called:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">goodbye</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Goodbye </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">, it was </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1"> to meet you.'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">atexit</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">goodbye</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Donny'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'nice'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># or:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">goodbye</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'nice'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Donny'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Usage as a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-decorator"><span class="xref std std-term">decorator</span></a>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">atexit</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="nd">@atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">goodbye</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'You are now leaving the Python sector.'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
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